Deret Volta

deret-voltaderet-volta

A.    Deret Volta

Deret  Volta adalah urutan logam-logam (ditambah hidrogen) berdasarkan kenaikan potensial elektrode standarnya. Umumnya deret volta yang sering dipakai adalah adalah:

Li - K - Ba - Ca - Na - Mg - Al - Mn - Zn - Cr - Fe - Cd - Ni - Sn - Pb - H - Sb - Bi - Cu - Hg - Ag - Pt – Au

Litium – Kalium – Barium – Kalsium – Natrium – Magnesium – Aluminium – Mangan – Seng – Khrom – Besi – Kadmium – Nikel – Timah – Timbal – Hidrogen – Antimon – Bismut – Tembaga – Raksa – Perak – Platina - Emas

Berikut adalah deret volta lengkap, diukur pada 298,15 K.

Setengah  reaksi	E° (V)	Ref.
N3⁄​2 N2(g) +  H+ +  e− HN3(aq)	-3.09 −3.09	[4]
Li+ +  e− Li(s)	-3.0401 −3.0401	[2]
N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH−	-3.04 −3.04	[4]
Cs+ +  e− Cs(s)	-3.026 −3.026	[2]
Rb+ +  e− Rb(s)	-2.98 −2.98	[2]
K+ +  e− K(s)	-2.931 −2.931	[2]
Ba2+ + 2 e− Ba(s)	-2.912 −2.912	[2]
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− La(s) + 3 OH−	-2.90 −2.90	[2]
Sr2+ + 2 e− Sr(s)	-2.899 −2.899	[2]
Ca2+ + 2 e− Ca(s)	-2.868 −2.868	[2]
Eu2+ + 2 e− Eu(s)	-2.812 −2.812	[2]
Ra2+ + 2 e− Ra(s)	-2.8 −2.8	[2]
Na+ +  e− Na(s)	-2.71 −2.71	[7][2]
La3+ + 3 e− La(s)	-2.379 −2.379	[2]
Y3+ + 3 e− Y(s)	-2.372 −2.372	[2]
Mg2+ + 2 e− Mg(s)	-2.372 −2.372	[2]
ZrO(OH)2(s) +  H2O + 4 e− Zr(s) + 4 OH−	-2.36 −2.36	[2]
Al(OH)4− + 3 e− Al(s) + 4 OH−	-2.33 −2.33
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− Al(s) + 3 OH−	-2.31 −2.31
H2(g) + 2 e− 2 H−	-2.25 −2.25
Ac3+ + 3 e− Ac(s)	-2.20 −2.20
Be2+ + 2 e− Be(s)	-1.85 −1.85
U3+ + 3 e− U(s)	-1.66 −1.66	[5]
Al3+ + 3 e− Al(s)	-1.66 −1.66	[7]
Ti2+ + 2 e− Ti(s)	-1.63 −1.63	[7]
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Zr(s) + 2 H2O	-1.553 −1.553	[2]
Zr4+ + 4 e− Zr(s)	-1.45 −1.45	[2]
Ti3+ + 3 e− Ti(s)	-1.37 −1.37	[8]
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti(s) +  H2O	-1.31 −1.31
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 TiO(s) +  H2O	-1.23 −1.23
Zn(OH)42− + 2 e− Zn(s) + 4 OH−	-1.199 −1.199	[2]
Mn2+ + 2 e− Mn(s)	-1.185 −1.185	[2]
Fe(CN)64− + 6 H+ + 2  e− Fe(s) + 4HCN(aq)	-1.16 −1.16	[9]
Te(s) + 2 e− Te2−	-1.143 −1.143	[1]
V2+ + 2 e− V(s)	-1.13 −1.13	[1]
Nb3+ + 3 e− Nb(s)	-1.099 −1.099
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SnH4(g)	-1.07 −1.07
SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Si(s) + 2 H2O	-0.91 −0.91
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− B(s) + 3 H2O	-0.89 −0.89
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 e− Fe(s) + 2 OH−	-0.89 −0.89	[9]
Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O + 2 e− 2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 OH−	-0.86 −0.86	[9]
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− Ti(s) +  H2O	-0.86 −0.86
H2  H2O + 2 e− H2(g) + 2 OH−	-0.8277 −0.8277	[2]
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− BiH3	-0.8 −0.8	[2]
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(Hg)	-0.7628 −0.7628	[2]
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(s)	-0.7618 −0.7618	[2]
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O	-0.75 −0.75
Cr3+ + 3 e− Cr(s)	-0.74 −0.74
Au[Au(CN)2]− +  e− Au(s) + 2 CN−	-0.60 −0.60
Ta3+ + 3 e− Ta(s)	-0.6 −0.6
PbO(s) +  H2O + 2 e− Pb(s) + 2 OH−	-0.58 −0.58
Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti2O3(s) +  H2O	-0.56 −0.56
Ga3+ + 3 e− Ga(s)	-0.53 −0.53
U4+ +  e− U3+	-0.52 −0.52	[5]
P H3PO2(aq) +  H+ +  e− P(white)[note 1] + 2 H2O	-0.508 −0.508	[2]
P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO2(aq) +  H2O	-0.499 −0.499	[2]
P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− P(red)[note 1] + 3 H2O	-0.454 −0.454	[2]
Fe2+ + 2 e− Fe(s)	-0.44 −0.44	[7]
C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HOOCCOOH(aq)	-0.43 −0.43
Cr3+ +  e− Cr2+	-0.42 −0.42
Cd2+ + 2 e− Cd(s)	-0.40 −0.40	[7]
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− GeO(s) +  H2O	-0.37 −0.37
Cu2O(s) +  H2O + 2 e− 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH−	-0.360 −0.360	[2]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(s) + SO42−	-0.3588 −0.3588	[2]
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(Hg) + SO42−	-0.3505 −0.3505	[2]
Eu3+ +  e− Eu2+	-0.35 −0.35	[5]
In3+ + 3 e− In(s)	-0.34 −0.34	[1]
Tl+ +  e− Tl(s)	-0.34 −0.34	[1]
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− GeH4(g)	-0.29 −0.29
Co2+ + 2 e− Co(s)	-0.28 −0.28	[2]
P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO3(aq) +  H2O	-0.276 −0.276	[2]
V3+ +  e− V2+	-0.26 −0.26	[7]
Ni2+ + 2 e− Ni(s)	-0.25 −0.25
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− AsH3(g)	-0.23 −0.23	[1]
AgI(s) +  e− Ag(s) + I−	-0.15224 −0.15224	[2]
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Mo(s) + 2 H2O	-0.15 −0.15
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SiH4(g)	-0.14 −0.14
Sn2+ + 2 e− Sn(s)	-0.13 −0.13
O2(g) +  H+ +  e− HO2•(aq)	-0.13 −0.13
Pb2+ + 2 e− Pb(s)	-0.13 −0.13	[7]
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− W(s) + 2 H2O	-0.12 −0.12
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g)	-0.111 −0.111	[2]
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCOOH(aq)	-0.11 −0.11
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2Se(g)	-0.11 −0.11
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CO(g) +  H2O	-0.11 −0.11
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Sn(s) +  H2O	-0.10 −0.10
SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− SnO(s) +  H2O	-0.09 −0.09
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− W(s) + 3 H2O	-0.09 −0.09	[1]
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g)	-0.063 −0.063	[2]
Fe3+ + 3 e− Fe(s)	-0.04 −0.04	[9]
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCHO(aq) +  H2O	-0.03 −0.03
H 2 H+ + 2 e− H2(g)	0.0000	≡ 0
AgBr(s) +  e− Ag(s) + Br−	+0.07133	[2]
S4O62− + 2 e− 2 S2O32−	+0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O	+0.085	[6]
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e− 2 NH4OH(aq)	+0.092
HgO(s) +  H2O + 2 e− Hg(l) + 2 OH−	+0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ +  e− Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3	+0.10	[1]
Ru(NH3)63+ +  e− Ru(NH3)62+	+0.10	[5]
N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH4+ + 4 OH−	+0.11	[4]
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− Mo(s) + 4 H2O	+0.11
Ge4+ + 4 e− Ge(s)	+0.12
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− CH4(g)	+0.13	[1]
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH3OH(aq)	+0.13
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2S(g)	+0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e− Sn2+	+0.15
Cu2+ +  e− Cu+	+0.159	[1]
S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O	+0.16
UO22+ +  e− UO2+	+0.163	[5]
S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O	+0.17
TiO2+ + 2 H+ +  e− Ti3+ +  H2O	+0.19
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− Sb(s) +  H2O	+0.20
AgCl(s) +  e− Ag(s) + Cl−	+0.22233	[2]
As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− As(s) + 3 H2O	+0.24
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ge(s) +  H2O	+0.26
UO2+ + 4 H+ +  e− U4+ + 2 H2O	+0.273	[5]
Re3+ + 3 e− Re(s)	+0.300
Bi3+ + 3 e− Bi(s)	+0.308	[2]
VO2+ + 2 H+ +  e− V3+ +  H2O	+0.34
Cu2+ + 2 e− Cu(s)	+0.340	[1]
Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− +  e− [Fe(CN)6]4−	+0.36
O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− 4 OH−(aq)	+0.40	[7]
Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− Mo3+ + 2 H2O	+0.43
C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH4(g) +  H2O	+0.50
S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− S(s) + 2 H2O	+0.50
Cu+ +  e− Cu(s)	+0.520	[1]
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− C(s) +  H2O	+0.52
I3− + 2 e− 3 I−	+0.53	[7]
I2(s) + 2 e− 2 I−	+0.54	[7]
Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 I−	+0.56
As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3AsO3(aq) +  H2O	+0.56
Au [AuI2]− +  e− Au(s) + 2 I−	+0.58
MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 4 OH−	+0.59
S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 S(s) + 3 H2O	+0.60
Fc+ +  e− Fc(s)	+0.641	[10]
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− MoO2(s) + 2 H2O	+0.65
C + 2 H+ + 2 e−	+0.6992	[2]
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e−  H2O2(aq)	+0.70
Tl3+ + 3 e− Tl(s)	+0.72
PtCl62− + 2 e− PtCl42− + 2 Cl−	+0.726	[5]
Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Se(s) + 3 H2O	+0.74
PtCl42− + 2 e− Pt(s) + 4 Cl−	+0.758	[5]
Fe3+ +  e− Fe2+	+0.77
Ag+ +  e− Ag(s)	+0.7996	[2]
Hg22+ + 2 e− 2 Hg(l)	+0.80
N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ +  e− NO2(g) +  H2O	+0.80
FeO42− + 5 H2O + 6 e− Fe2O3(s) + 10  OH−	+0.81	[9]
Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Br−	+0.85
Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg(l)	+0.85
MnO4− +  H+ +  e− HMnO4−	+0.90
Hg2 Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg22+	+0.91	[1]
Pd2+ + 2 e− Pd(s)	+0.915	[5]
Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Cl−	+0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− Mn3+ + 2 H2O	+0.95
Au[AuBr2]− +  e− Au(s) + 2 Br−	+0.96
Xe[HXeO6]3− + 2 H2O + 2 e− + [HXeO4]− + 4  OH−	+0.99	[11]
TeH6TeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− TeO2(s) + 4 H2O	+1.02	[12]
Br2(l) + 2 e− 2 Br−	+1.066	[2]
Br2(aq) + 2 e− 2 Br−	+1.0873	[2]
I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HIO(aq) + 2 H2O	+1.13
Au [AuCl2]− +  e− Au(s) + 2 Cl−	+1.15
Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− H2SeO3(aq) +  H2O	+1.15
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 Ag(s) +  H2O	+1.17
ClO3− + 2 H+ +  e− ClO2(g) +  H2O	+1.18
Xe[HXeO6]3− + 5 H2O + 8  e− Xe(g) + 11 OH−	+1.18	[11]
Pt2+ + 2 e− Pt(s)	+1.188	[5]
ClO2(g) +  H+ +  e− HClO2(aq)	+1.19
I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− I2(s) + 6 H2O	+1.20
ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ClO3− +  H2O	+1.20
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 2 H2O	+1.229	[7]
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Mn2+ + 2 H2O	+1.23
Xe[HXeO4]− + 3 H2O + 6  e− Xe(g) + 7 OH−	+1.24	[11]
Tl3+ + 2 e− Tl+	+1.25
Cr2O72− + 14 H+ + 6 e− 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O	+1.33
Cl2(g) + 2 e− 2 Cl−	+1.36	[7]
CoO2(s) + 4 H+ +  e− Co3+ + 2 H2O	+1.42
N 2 NH3O H+ +  H+ + 2 e− N2H5+ + 2 H2O	+1.42	[4]
I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− I2(s) + 2 H2O	+1.44
Ce4+ +  e− Ce3+	+1.44
BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O	+1.45
PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O	+1.460	[1]
PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O	+1.468	[1]
Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Br2(l) + 6 H2O	+1.48
Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Cl2(g) + 6 H2O	+1.49
MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− Mn2+ + 4 H2O	+1.51
O HO2• +  H+ +  e−  H2O2(aq)	+1.51
Au3+ + 3 e− Au(s)	+1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Ni2+ + 2 OH−	+1.59
Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 H2O	+1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O	+1.67
Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HClO(aq) +  H2O	+1.67
Pb4+ + 2 e− Pb2+	+1.69	[1]
MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O	+1.70
AgO(s) + 2 H+ +  e− Ag+ +  H2O	+1.77
O  H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 H2O	+1.78
Co3+ +  e− Co2+	+1.82
Au+ +  e− Au(s)	+1.83	[1]
BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− BrO3− +  H2O	+1.85
Ag2+ +  e− Ag+	+1.98	[1]
S2O82− + 2 e− 2 SO42−	+2.010	[2]
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− O2(g) +  H2O	+2.075	[5]
Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O	+2.09
XeO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6  e− Xe(g) + 3 H2O	+2.12	[11]
XeH4XeO6(aq) + 8 H+ + 8  e− Xe(g) + 6  H2O	+2.18	[11]
FeO42− + 3 e− + 8 H+ Fe3+ + 4 H2O	+2.20	[13]
XeF2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)	+2.32	[11]
XeH4XeO6(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− XeO3(aq) +  H2O	+2.42	[11]
F2(g) + 2 e− 2 F−	+2.87	[1][7]
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 HF(aq)	+3.05	[1]

B.     Kation

No.	Rumus Kation	Nama kation
1	Li+	Litium
2	Na+	Natrium
3	K+	Kalium
4	Be2+	Berkelium
5	Mg2+	Magnesium
6	Ca2+	Kalsium
7	Sr2+	Stronsium
8	Ba2+	Barium
9	Fe2+	Besi (II)
10	Fe3+	Besi (III)
11	Cu+	Tembaga (I)
12	Cu2+	Tembaga (II)
13	Hg+	Raksa (I)
14	Hg2+	Raksa (II)
15	Ag+	Perak (I)
16	Au+	Emas (I)
17	Au3+	Emas (III)
18	Ni2+	Nikel
19	Sn2+	Timah (II)
20	Sn4+	Timah (IV)
21	Ti2+	Titanium
22	V2+	Vanadium
23	Zn2+	Seng
24	Co2+	Kobalt
25	Al3+	Aluminium
26	Pb2+	Timbal (II)
27	Pb4+	Timbal (IV)
28	Pt3+	Platina (III)
29	Cr3+	Kromium
30	NH4+	Ammonium

C.    Anion

No.	Rumus Anion	Nama Anion
1.	F-	Fluorin
2.	Cl-	Klorin
3.	Br-	Bromin
4.	I-	Iodin
5.	O2-	Oksida
6.	S2-	Sulfide
7.	OH-	Hidroksida
8.	CN-	Sianida
9.	CNS-	Rodanida
10.	CH3COO-	Asetat
11.	CO22-	Karbonit
12.	CO32-	Karbonat
13.	NO2-	Nitrit
14.	NO3-	Nitrat
15.	SO32-	Sulfit
16.	SO42-	Sulfat
17.	PO33-	Pospit
18.	PO43-	Pospat
19.	AsO33-	Arsenit
20.	AsO43-	Arsenat
21.	SbO33-	Antimonit
22.	SbO43-	Antimonat
23.	ClO-	Hipoklorit
24.	ClO2-	Klorit
25.	ClO3-	Klorat
26.	ClO4-	Perklorat
27.	BrO-	Hipobromit
28.	BrO2-	Bromit
29.	BrO3-	Bromat
30.	BrO4-	Perbromat
31.	IO-	Hipoiodit
32.	IO2-	Iodit
33.	IO3-	Iodat
34.	IO4-	Periodat
35.	HCO3-	Bikarbonat
36.	SiO32-	Silikat
37.	MnO42-	Manganat
38.	MnO4-	Permanganat
39.	CrO42-	Kromat
40.	Cr2O72-	Bikromat
41.	C2O42-	Oksalat

D.    Ion Poliatom

No.	Simbol Ion	Nama Ion
1.	SO42-	Sulfat
2.	SO32-	Sulfit
3.	NO3-	Nitrat
4.	NO2-	Nitrit
5.	ClO-	Hipoklorit
6.	ClO2-	Klorit
7.	ClO3-	Klorat
8.	ClO4-	Perklorat
9.	CH3COO-	Asetat
10.	CrO42-	Kromat
11.	Cr2O72-	Dikromat
12.	AsO43-	Arsenat
13.	C2O42-	Oksalat
14.	S2O32-	Tiosulfat
15.	OH-	Hidroksida
16.	HPO42-	Hidrogen Fosfat
17.	H2PO4-	Dihidrogen Fosfat
18.	HCO3-	Bikarbonat
19.	HSO4-	Bisulfat
20.	Hg22+	Merkuri (I)
21.	NH4+	Amonia
22.	PO43-	Fosfat
23.	PO33-	Fosfit
24.	MnO4-	Permanganat
25.	CN-	Sianida
26.	OCN-	Sianat
27.	SCN-	Tiosianat
28.	AsO33-	Arsenit
29.	O22-	Peroksida
30.	CO32-	Karbonat